Understanding Strangles in Horses: Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

What is Strangles in Horses

Strangles is a highly contagious bacterial infection that affects horses, particularly those under the age of five. It is caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi, specifically the subspecies equi. The disease is characterized by the development of abscesses in the lymph nodes of the head and throat, resulting in swelling, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory distress.

The initial symptoms of Strangles include a sudden onset of fever, followed by nasal discharge and depression. Soon after, affected horses may lose their appetite and exhibit signs of respiratory distress, such as coughing and difficulty breathing. Swelling of the lymph nodes occurs a few days after the initial symptoms appear, leading to the formation of abscesses in the affected areas. These abscesses usually rupture within one to two weeks, resulting in the release of thick, infected pus.

Strangles is highly contagious and spreads through direct contact between horses, as well as contact with contaminated equipment, feed, and water. The bacteria can survive in the environment for several weeks, further contributing to its spread. Horses that have recovered from Strangles can remain carriers of the bacteria, shedding it intermittently and potentially infecting other horses.

Diagnosis of Strangles is primarily based on clinical signs, with additional confirmation through bacterial culture or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing. Treatment typically involves supportive care, including administration of antibiotics to control secondary infections and help prevent complications. Isolation and strict biosecurity measures are critical to prevent the spread of the disease within a barn or equestrian facility.

Complications of Strangles can arise, including the formation of internal abscesses in other organs, such as the lungs or abdomen, or secondary bacterial infections. In rare cases, the disease can lead to serious complications, such as pneumonia, purpura hemorrhagica, or bastard strangles, which can be life-threatening.

Vaccination is available for Strangles and is an important preventive measure, especially for horses at high risk of exposure, such as those residing in large boarding or training facilities. However, vaccination does not guarantee complete protection, and it is essential to combine it with good hygiene practices and careful management to minimize the risk of infection.

Prompt identification, isolation, and treatment of affected horses, along with diligent biosecurity measures, are crucial to controlling and preventing the spread of Strangles within the equine population. Regular monitoring, testing, and communication with a veterinarian are essential for the well-being of horses in affected areas and the overall equine community.

Signs of Strangles in Horses

As an equine veterinarian, it’s important to closely monitor your horse for any signs and symptoms that may indicate the presence of Strangles. Early identification of the disease is crucial for prompt treatment and preventing its spread to other horses. When assessing your horse, pay attention to their overall behavior, appetite, and respiratory function.

In terms of behavior, a horse with Strangles may appear depressed or lethargic, lacking their usual energy and enthusiasm. They may also have a decreased appetite or even refuse to eat altogether. Keep an eye out for any sudden changes in behavior or demeanor that could be indicative of an underlying illness.

Respiratory symptoms are commonly observed in horses with Strangles. Coughing, difficulty breathing, and nasal discharge are key indicators of respiratory distress. The discharge may start as clear or slightly cloudy but can quickly progress to a thick, yellowish-green fluid. Closely monitor your horse’s breathing patterns and note any abnormal sounds or labored breathing.

To further assist in identifying Strangles, here is a list of signs that you should watch out for:

• Sudden onset of fever
• Swelling of lymph nodes
• Difficulty swallowing
• Nasal discharge, initially clear or slightly cloudy, progressing to thick and yellowish
• Coughing
• Depression and lethargy
• Loss of appetite

It’s crucial to avoid jumping to conclusions if your horse exhibits any of these signs, as they can also be symptoms of other respiratory or infectious diseases. Instead, consult with your veterinarian for an accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment plan.

As an equine veterinarian, I recall a case where a horse presented with a high fever, cough, and nasal discharge. The owner immediately reached out, and upon examination, we suspected Strangles. Through proper testing, we were able to confirm the diagnosis and take necessary precautions to prevent further spread.

If you notice any of these signs in your horse or if you have concerns about their health, do not hesitate to reach out to your veterinarian. Early intervention can help manage the disease more effectively, prevent complications, and reduce the risk of spreading Strangles within your equine community. Remember, effective biosecurity measures and regular communication with your veterinarian are essential in protecting the health and well-being of your horse and those around them.

Causes of Strangles in Horses

Understanding the causes of Strangles in horses is essential for implementing preventive measures and managing the disease effectively. Strangles is primarily caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi subspecies equi, also known as Streptococcus equi equi. This highly contagious bacterium primarily affects horses, particularly those under five years of age or those with weakened immune systems.

Strangles spreads through direct contact between horses or through indirect contact with contaminated objects such as water troughs, buckets, feed, or equipment. The bacterium can survive in the environment for several weeks, further contributing to its transmission. Once a horse becomes infected, the bacteria typically enter their body through the respiratory tract, usually via inhalation of respiratory secretions from an infected horse.

To provide a clearer understanding of the causes of Strangles, here is a detailed list:

• Direct contact with an infected horse, either healthy carriers or those showing clinical signs.
• Contact with contaminated objects, such as shared water troughs, buckets, feed, or equipment.
• Inhalation of respiratory secretions expelled by infected horses.
• Exposure to nasal discharge or pus from abscesses present in infected horses.
• Environmental contamination by bacteria, which can persist for weeks.

It’s important to note that asymptomatic carriers, horses that have seemingly recovered from Strangles but continue to shed the bacterium periodically, are a significant source of transmission. These horses may show no visible signs of the disease but can still infect others.

Preventing the spread of Strangles relies on effective biosecurity practices, such as isolation and quarantine of infected or suspected horses, proper disinfection of equipment, and limiting horse-to-horse contact. Regular monitoring and testing are essential, especially in high-risk environments like boarding stables or training facilities. Vaccination is available and can be a valuable tool in reducing the severity and frequency of Strangles outbreaks, although it does not necessarily prevent infection entirely.

As equine veterinarians, we play a crucial role in educating horse owners and caretakers about the causes and prevention of Strangles. By understanding the transmission pathways and implementing appropriate preventive measures, we can minimize the risk of outbreaks and protect the health and well-being of the equine population. If you suspect your horse may be infected or have concerns about Strangles, consult with your veterinarian for guidance specific to your situation.

Diagnosis of Strangles in Horses

Diagnosing Strangles in horses requires a combination of clinical evaluation, laboratory testing, and thorough examination. As an equine veterinarian, I utilize various methods to accurately diagnose Strangles and determine the appropriate treatment plan. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for implementing proper management strategies and preventing the spread of the disease.

During the initial clinical evaluation, I closely observe the horse for characteristic signs and symptoms associated with Strangles. These include fever, nasal discharge, respiratory distress, swelling of lymph nodes, and loss of appetite. By thoroughly examining the horse and collecting a detailed medical history from the owner, I can assess the likelihood of Strangles and differentiate it from other respiratory or infectious diseases.

To support the clinical evaluation, here is a detailed list of diagnostic methods used for confirming Strangles:

• Gram stain and bacterial culture: Swabs are taken from the nasal discharge or abscesses, and a Gram stain is performed to identify the presence of Streptococcus equi bacteria. A bacterial culture is then carried out to further confirm the diagnosis and determine antibiotic sensitivity.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing: This molecular diagnostic technique allows for the detection of Streptococcus equi DNA in clinical samples. PCR testing is highly sensitive and specific, providing quick and accurate results for diagnosing Strangles.
• Blood testing: Blood samples may be analyzed to detect changes in white blood cell count and antibody levels. Elevated white blood cell count and the presence of specific antibodies against Streptococcus equi indicate an active or recent infection.
• Ultrasonography: Lymph nodes can be assessed using ultrasonography to determine the presence of abscesses or swelling, further supporting the diagnosis of Strangles.

Collaboration with a diagnostic laboratory is often necessary to perform these tests and obtain accurate results. Determining the presence of Strangles not only guides treatment decisions but also enables appropriate isolation and biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of the disease.

As an equine veterinarian, I strive to keep horse owners well-informed about the diagnostic process for Strangles. With a combination of clinical evaluation and laboratory testing, we can accurately diagnose and manage the disease, ensuring the health and well-being of affected horses and preventing its spread within the equine community. If you suspect your horse may have Strangles or have concerns about their respiratory health, consult with your veterinarian for a thorough evaluation and guidance specific to your horse’s condition.

Treatment for Strangles in Horses

Treating Strangles in horses requires a comprehensive approach aimed at alleviating symptoms, controlling secondary infections, and preventing complications. As an equine veterinarian, I implement various treatment strategies to support the affected horse’s recovery and prevent the spread of the disease within the herd.

When initiating treatment for Strangles, specific factors such as the severity of clinical signs, the presence of complications, and the overall health of the horse are considered. Generally, treatment for Strangles involves a combination of medical intervention, supportive care, and strict biosecurity measures.

Here is a detailed list of treatment options commonly used for Strangles:

• Antibiotics: Appropriate antibiotic therapy is crucial to manage secondary bacterial infections that may arise during the course of Strangles. Commonly used antibiotics include penicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or macrolides. The selection of antibiotics is based on bacterial culture and sensitivity testing to ensure effectiveness.
• Warm compress and drainage: When abscesses form in the lymph nodes, warm compresses applied to the affected area can help promote maturation and facilitate drainage. In some cases, surgical intervention may be necessary to drain deeply located or persistent abscesses.
• Respiratory support: Horses with severe respiratory distress or difficulty swallowing may require supportive care, such as nebulization with saline or medications to reduce airway inflammation. Intranasal oxygen therapy may also be beneficial in severe cases.
• Symptomatic treatment: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like phenylbutazone or flunixin meglumine can be administered to reduce fever, alleviate pain, and improve overall comfort. Hydration support and nutritional management are also essential to ensure the horse’s well-being.
• Isolation and strict biosecurity: To prevent the spread of Strangles, affected horses should be immediately isolated from the rest of the herd. Implementing appropriate biosecurity measures, such as disinfection of equipment and strict hygiene practices, is crucial to minimize the risk of transmission.

Closely monitoring the horse’s progress and response to treatment is important. Follow-up visits, reevaluation of abscesses, and repeating diagnostic tests may be necessary to ensure proper management and track recovery.

As an equine veterinarian, my goal is to provide tailored treatment plans, guided by evidence-based medicine and individual horse assessment. By combining targeted medical treatment, supportive care, and biosecurity measures, we can effectively manage Strangles and promote successful recovery for affected horses, while also safeguarding the health of the overall equine population. If you suspect your horse may have Strangles or require assistance with their treatment, consult with your veterinarian for proper evaluation and guidance throughout the recovery process.

Prevention of Strangles in Horses

Preventing Strangles in horses is of paramount importance to ensure the health and well-being of individual horses as well as the overall equine population. As an equine veterinarian, I emphasize the need for comprehensive preventive measures to minimize the risk of Strangles outbreaks and reduce the transmission of the disease within equestrian communities.

Here is a detailed list of preventive measures that can significantly reduce the likelihood of Strangles:

• Vaccination: Vaccinating horses against Strangles can provide protection and reduce the severity of clinical signs if they do become infected. Consult with your veterinarian to determine the most appropriate vaccination schedule for your horse. Remember that vaccination does not guarantee complete immunity, but it can be an essential tool in minimizing the impact of Strangles outbreaks.
• Biosecurity protocols: Implementing rigorous biosecurity measures is crucial to prevent the introduction and spread of Strangles. This includes quarantine and isolation practices for incoming horses, new additions to the herd, or horses returning from shows or events. Separating horses with clinical signs or those suspected of being exposed to Strangles is vital to limiting transmission.
• Regular health evaluations: Scheduling routine veterinary examinations and diagnostic testing can help detect and manage Strangles early. Regularly monitor and evaluate the health status of horses in your care to identify any signs or symptoms indicative of infectious diseases, including Strangles.
• Hygiene practices: Maintaining proper hygiene is paramount in preventing the transmission of Strangles. Clean and disinfect equipment, water troughs, and shared areas regularly to minimize the survival and spread of bacteria. Encourage hand hygiene protocols for all individuals handling horses, especially when moving between different animals or groups.
• Enhanced management practices: Proper equine facility management plays a significant role in reducing the risk of disease outbreaks. Limit horse-to-horse contact, particularly with horses from outside sources, minimize shared water and feed sources, and implement strict control measures in high-risk areas such as boarding stables or training facilities.
• Educating horse owners and caretakers: Raising awareness about Strangles, its transmission, preventive measures, and the importance of early detection is crucial. Encourage open communication and provide education and resources to horse owners, trainers, and barn staff regarding biosecurity best practices and the importance of reporting any suspected cases promptly.

By adhering to these preventive measures, horse owners, caretakers, and veterinarians can collectively work towards reducing the incidence of Strangles and limiting its impact on individual horses and the equine community as a whole. Regular consultation and collaboration with your veterinarian are essential to tailor preventive strategies to specific circumstances and ensure the highest level of protection for your horses.

As an equine veterinarian, my commitment lies in providing guidance, education, and support to facilitate effective Strangles prevention. Let’s work together to build resilient and healthy equine populations by implementing proactive strategies and vigilantly managing potential disease risks.

Final thoughts on Strangles in Horses

Wrapping up our discussion on Strangles in horses, it’s essential to emphasize the significance of proactive prevention and vigilant management to safeguard the health of our beloved equine companions. Strangles is a highly contagious disease that can have significant implications for individual horses and entire equestrian communities. By staying informed, implementing preventive measures, and working closely with your veterinarian, we can minimize the risk and impact of Strangles outbreaks.

In these articles, we have explored detailed insights into Strangles, including its causes, signs to watch out for, diagnosis, treatment options, and preventive measures. Each aspect contributes to a holistic understanding of the disease and equips horse owners and caretakers with the knowledge needed to make informed decisions for the well-being of their horses.

However, the Complete Horse Guide goes beyond Strangles and covers a wide range of topics related to equine health and care. From colic to lameness, nutrition to horse training, the guide offers comprehensive information to help you navigate the world of horse ownership with confidence.

As horse enthusiasts and veterinarians, we share the common goal of providing the best care possible for our equine companions. Taking an active interest in learning about equine health and incorporating preventive measures will not only ensure the well-being of our horses but also promote a strong and resilient equine community.

So, I encourage you to explore the other articles in the Complete Horse Guide, where you’ll find valuable information on a plethora of topics. By expanding your knowledge and staying up-to-date, you can become an even more attentive and informed caretaker for your horse.

Remember, while we strive to provide reliable and accurate information, it’s always essential to consult with your veterinarian for personalized advice and guidance specific to your horse’s unique needs and circumstances. Your veterinarian can assess your horse’s health, provide recommendations, and tailor preventive measures or treatment plans accordingly.

Thank you for joining us on this journey to understand Strangles and its impact on horses. By being proactive, practicing good biosecurity, and promoting responsible horsemanship, we can create a healthier environment for our equine companions. Stay connected, stay informed, and continue to prioritize the health and happiness of your horses.

Rigorous Research and Expertise: Our Commitment to Equine Health, Backed by Authoritative Sources

The information presented in this article about Strangles in Horses is the culmination of exhaustive research, drawing exclusively from authoritative sources such as scholarly articles, scientific research papers, and peer-reviewed studies. These sources for Strangles in Horses can be found linked below. Furthermore, the content has been meticulously crafted and reviewed by equine veterinarians who bring a wealth of experience and expertise in the field. This ensures that the insights and knowledge shared here are not only accurate but also directly aligned with the latest advancements in equine health and science. Readers can trust that they are receiving information of the highest standard from professionals deeply rooted in equine care.

1. Newton, J. R., Verheyen, K., Talbot, N. C., Timoney, J. F., Wood, J. L., Lakhani, K. H., & Chanter, N. (2000). Control of strangles outbreaks by isolation of guttural pouch carriers identified using PCR and culture of Streptococcus equi. Equine Veterinary Journal.
2. Baverud, V., Johansson, S. K., & Aspan, A. (2007). Real-time PCR for detection and differentiation of Streptococcus equi subsp. equi and Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Veterinary Microbiology.
3. Pusterla, N., & Watson, J. L. (2013). Streptococcus equi Infections in Horses: Guidelines for Treatment, Control, and Prevention of Strangles. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine.